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OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of hospital ethical climate on the turnover intention and the mediating role of job embeddedness of nurses. METHODS: Totally 468 clinical nurses from there public general hospitals in Zhengzhou City were selected as the research subjects using convenience sampling method. The Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, Job Embeddedness Scale and Turnover Intention Questionnaire were used to investigate the scores of hospital ethical climate, job embeddedness and resignation intention respectively. RESULTS: The mean scores of hospital ethical climate, job embeddedness and turnover intention were(3.5±0.4),(2.8±0.3) and(2.8±0.7) respectively. The turnover intention of nurses was negatively associated with hospital ethical climate and job embeddedness [correlation coefficient(r)=-0.67,-0.60, all P<0.01]. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the higher the scores of hospital ethical climate and job embeddedness, the lower the score of turnover intention of nurses(all P<0.01), after adjusting confounding factors such as length of service, educational level, professional title and personnel employment. The structural equation analysis results showed that job embeddedness played a part of the mediating role between the hospital ethical climate and the turnover intention of nurses and the mediating efficacy accounted for 23.3% of the total efficacy. CONCLUSION: The hospital ethical climate has a significant negative effect on the turnover intention, and job embeddedness has an intermediary effect between them.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the surgical strategies for the treatment of T1 b gallbladder cancer patients diagnosed intraoperatively or postoperatively.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 42 patients with T1 b gallbladder cancers was performed.There were 14 patients diagnosed intraoperatively and 28 patients diagnosed postoperatively.The reevaluations of T stages were conducted in the 28 T1 b gallbladder cancer patients diagnosed postoperatively by the professional pathologist.After T stage reevaluation,25 confirmed T1 b patients with complete follow-up data were divided into simple cholecystectomy group and radical resection group,and the clinicopathologic characteristics between the two groups were analyzed.Results:Only 2 of the 14 T1 b gallbladder cancer patients diagnosed by the intraoperative frozen specimen proved to be T1b on postoperative paraffin pathology,and for the remaining 13 patients,T2 was in 11 patients,and T3 in one patient.The rate of misdiagnosis was 85.7％ by the intraoperative frozen specimens,postoperative T stages were equal or higher than intraoperative T stages.Two of the 28 postoperatively diagnosed T1b patients were proved to be T2 after reevaluation,the rate of misdiagnosis was 7.1％,the reevaluated T stages were equal to or higher than the previous stages.Twenty-five confirmed T1 b gallbladder cancer patients had complete follow-up data,11 of whom underwent simple cholecystectomy and the remaining 14 radical resections.No patient had vessel or perineural invasion on pathology in the 25 confirmed T1b patients.Metastasis was absent in all the 30 lymph nodes examined,which achieved from 14 patients with radical resection.The survival rate after simple cholecystectomy was comparable to that after radical resection (P =0.361).Only one patient with radical resection had abdominal cavity implantation relapse,who received gallbladder compression during operation and 2 years later died from metastasis.Conclusion:Intraoperatively diagnosed T1 b gallbladder cancer should receive radical resection.Reevaluation of the T stage is necessary and the initial step for postoperative diagnosed T1b gallbladder cancer patients.The pros and cons of radical surgery for definitive T1b patients should be carefully evaluated,and systemic chemotherapy is recommended for those with bile spillover.